Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution 2 - Free Essay Example

Katelyn Rachels AEGL102-008 Carlson April 30, 2010 Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution Animal Farm is an allegory for what happened in Russia between the years of about 1917 and 1943. Orwell uses characters and certain details to symbolize different situations in the Russian Revolution. Understanding the specific historical context underlying Animal Farm enriches one’s reading of the book. The novel is about failed revolutions everywhere, but above all, it is about the Russian Revolution. Orwell uses Animal Farm to show how events step by step correspond to events ranging from the publishing of The Communist Manifesto in 1848 up through the Tehran Conference in 1943. One of the first events is how old Major’s dream relates to Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto. The first scene of Animal Farm opens with the news that old Major has called all the farm animals to a meeting to discuss a dream that he had. As he is explaining the dream to the other animals, he poin ts out two important things to them. He says, â€Å"Man is the only creature that consumes without producing,† and he further encourages them to â€Å"work night and day, body and soul, for the over-throw of the human race† (Orwell, Print). He explains that men have been taking advantage of them for years, and it is time to put them in their place and to an end. The only way they could do this was by one word that old Major stated at the end of his speech and that was â€Å"Rebellion! † What Orwell is trying to show through old Major’s speech is a simplified version of the basic tenets of communism, which were originally put down by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the Communist Manifesto. What the Manifesto intended to show was that the capitalist economic system was seriously flawed. The workers never saw the products of their labor because the capitalists claimed the profit for themselves. If common workers could overthrow the capitalists and cl aim the means of production for themselves, then all the workers of the world could live in peace with one another (Smyer, Print. ) This is what Marx was trying to suggest. The Manifesto famously ends with the workers of the world uniting and old Major essentially ends his speech in the same way with his final call to â€Å"Rebellion! Both Marx and old Major are better at criticizing the existing system than at proposing a new one as we see very soon after the Rebellion where everyone does not really know what to do next. The Manifesto was written during a time of many revolutions across Europe, even though it did not happen in Russia until roughly sixty years later. Even while it was written, Russia was the top most interest for Marx’s message. The country had an enormous peasant class and it was ruled over by tsars. In other words, the barn animals were itching to overthrow Mr. Jones. Two other events that are have something in common is the fall Mr. Jones and the Russi an Revolution 1917. The animals are not exactly sure what will come of this rebellion, but they begin to prepare for it as soon as old Major dies. We soon learn that the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected (Orwell, Print). Mr. Jones forgets to feed the animals one night after he goes out and gets drunk. The cows are fed up and kick in the barn door, and all of a sudden all the animals are eating from the bins. When Mr. Jones and his men come in to whip the animals into their place, a huge rebellion erupts, and the animals chase Mr. Jones and his men off the farm. Soon after, Napoleon and Snowball step into the lead and begin organizing the animals around a new system based on the Seven Commandments. The most important of these is that All animals are equal (Orwell, Print. ) Mr. Jones is an allusion to the last tsar of Russia, Nicholas II. Tsars were already known to not be on good terms with Russian people, but Nicholas was a prime example of being very bad at it. In 1914, he got Russia involved in World War I, and then mismanaged it. As a result, a famine was beginning to start across Russia. This comes in play with the animals not being fed. Nicholas was not a strong enough leader to inspire the people’s confidence. As we see in Animal Farm, the revolution was relatively unorganized and seemed to just come out of nowhere. It began with several strikes and demonstrations which gradually grew in number. Nicholas eventually sent in the military, but by then the workers were out of control. From this, many of the military members began to sympathize with the strikers and switched sides. After the Revolution, Vladimir Lenin suddenly returned from exile and put up his April Theses. This relates to the Seven Commandments. The second phase of the Russian Revolution occurred when the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government. Animal Farm aims to simplify these events so we do not get the two rebellions, b ut we do get the pigs, what can be considered the Bolsheviks, sweeping in to take control over the revolution that already happened. The one event that is notably glossed in the novel is when we hear that the animals raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones’s hated reign (Orwell, Print. ) In the novel, Jones and his family escape. However, Nicholas II and his family were executed and buried in a mass grave. The Battle of the Cowshed and the Russian Civil War also has common traits. In Animal Farm, before Mr. Jones and the men return, the animals have time to begin organizing a large harvest. The different animals begin to take on clearer roles. We learn that Napoleon is a double for Stalin and Snowball, who could be seen as Lenin in the earlier chapters, will be a stand-in for Leon Trotsky. Boxer the horse comes to resemble the working class with his personal motto I will work harder (Orwell, Print. ) The pigs work to spread word around the far m and committees begin to set up. Yet in reality, the Bolsheviks hardly had time to spread the word before everything erupted into the Civil War. Trotsky had not wanted to end the Russian war effort and he and many others felt that without war, there could be no peace. As the Germans began to take over Russian territory, the Bolsheviks had no choice. They tried to seize on Trotsky’s withdrawal as a sign of weakness. In Animal Farm, Mr. Jones goes off to the local bar to complain of his misfortune. He has trouble getting someone to listen to him because the two neighboring farmers, Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick, are on bad terms. Here, Orwell gives the reader a glimpse into the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. Mr. Frederick, as it is very clear, is a stand in for the Germans. During the Bolshevik Revolution, the Germans were entangled in war with both the U. S. and the U. K. , and after the Revolution, they shut Russia o ut of the war. Mr. Pilkington represents the United States and the United Kingdom. At this time during the war, they were distracted by Russia’s withdrawal from the war, feared a Russian alliance with Germany, and were worried about Bolshevik ideas spreading to the West. In other words, the Bolsheviks were able to fight their civil war because the rest of the world was still caught up in World War I. What united these different groups was mainly the fact that they were all anti-Bolshevik, and they went under the loose name the White Army, contrasting themselves with the Trotsky-led Red Army. There are a few things to notice about the Battle of Cowshed. First, Snowball emerges as a military hero, just like Trotsky did. Second, Mollie the horse, who represents the Russian upper-middle-class runs off and plays little role in the battle. Third, Boxer reveals himself as a powerful military force. The actual Russian Civil War ended in 1922 with the defeat of the White Army an d the founding of the Soviet state. Similarly, Animal Farm is established on the English farm scene. The question that can be asked frequently is to grow or not to grow. This is where the windmill and the Trotsky-Stalin Conflict come into play. As Lenin grew sick in the early 1920s, serious tension started to mount between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Trotsky was already very critical of Stalin’s war record. He wanted to continue to spread the Revolution, where Stalin wanted to focus on building communism in the places Russia had already acquired. After Lenin’s death, Trotsky was forced into exile. This left Stalin in complete control. In Animal Farm, the divide between Stalin and Trotsky or Napoleon and Snowball is represented by the argument over the windmill. We learn that Napoleon despises the idea where even at one point he urinated over the plans and walked out without a word and the whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill (Orwell, Prin t. The windmill is, in many ways, the perfect symbol for the decision about whether or not to expand communism. In this case, the dream is worldwide communist revolution. Napoleon begins to consolidate power for himself as soon as Snowball is off the farm. We find that he has reared the nine pups and made them his guard dogs, which are related to Stalin’s secret police, and that he has made Squealer his main man. The animals are troubled by all of this, and many would argue the situation, but they do nothing. One of Stalin’s first decisions as the leader of the Soviet Union was to initiate something known as the Five-Year-Plans. These plans are similar to Napoleon’s initiative. The Plans main goal was to rapidly industrialize the nation so that it could catch up with the West. Along with the Five-Year-Plan was Stalin’s decision to collectivize agriculture. He thought that he could increase crop output by moving to larger farms, and by bringing the peas antry under direct control. The plan back fired and caused widespread famines among peasants. Once the famines started, Stalin did very little to help the people (Carr, Print. ) In Animal Farm, we find that Napoleon has the animals working harder than ever. Even the neighboring humans respected the way the animals were managing themselves. Meanwhile, Napoleon’s own deceit is becoming increasingly clear to anyone who is paying attention. The pigs have begun to sleep in the humans’ beds, and Muriel the horse reads out the altered commandment No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets† (Orwell, Print. ) Despite Napoleon’s initiative, there are widespread food shortages across Animal Farm. Napoleon quickly realizes that it was necessary they keep this a secret from the outside world and he sends the sheep out to talk about their increased rations. At the same time, Napoleon has all the empty food bins in shed filled with sand in order to hide the lack of food. Napoleon, like Stalin, is floundering to make his policies look like they are working and to give the illusion of strength when in reality the farm in becoming weak. There are three events that have similarities: the hen rebellion, Napoleon’s pile of corpses, and Stalins Great Purge. Animal Farm is not particularly light tale, but the story takes a very dark turn about halfway through. First, the hens refuse to give their eggs up to the pigs and in result of that Napoleon decides to starve them until they change their minds. Several of the hens die, while the rest give up. Napoleon then calls a meeting, and the dogs drag out several pigs squealing with pain and terror. The pigs confess that they were working with Snowball and Mr. Frederick, and a moment later the dogs kill them. The same thing happens with the surviving hens from the rebellion, a goose, and several sheep. At the end, there is a pile of corpses and Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with th e smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones (Orwell, Print. ) What was supposed to be a fairy tale is now a nightmarish allusion to the Great Purge. What made Stalin’s purges so horrible was that he forced many to come forward and confess to crimes that they never committed, often after severe torment and outright torture. What we see in Animal Farm is a very simple and direct illustration of how Stalins purges worked. Squealer tells the other animals that Snowball, the scapegoat for everything, is not just working against them from outside the farm, but inside as well. He is trying to destroy them from within. Snowball here becomes the figure of general Stalinist paranoia, and what we get is an old-fashioned witch-hunt. The scheming Mr. Frederick stands for how Hitler broke the Non-Aggression Pact. There is an odd little episode after Napoleon’s executions that have to do with the need to sell a pile of timber to either Mr. Freder ick or Mr. Pilkington. Mr. Frederick stands in for Hitler and Mr. Pilkington stands in for the United Kingdom. As Napoleon is first trying to decide to whom he will sell the timber, he notices that Frederick is more anxious to get the timber but will not offer a price. As the animals become aware of what a threat Frederick might present, Napoleon teaches them to chant Death to Frederick (Orwell, Print. Then suddenly Napoleon swaps sides and sells the timber to Frederick. Everyone is shocked. The other pigs claim that Napoleon only became buddies with Pilkington so that Frederick would raise his price. It soon back fires on Napoleon. Frederick has gave him forged money, and got the timber for nothing! Hitler and Stalin had long been mortal enemies. Stalin nearly signed an anti-German political alliance with France and Britain, which can be represented by Mr. Pilkington. When that fell through, Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler instead. Stalin began to get word from h is spies that Hitler was planning to break the pact, but he just did not believe that the Germans would invade Russia before first defeating Britain. However, Hitler did indeed launch Operation Barbarossa, with millions of German troops pouring suddenly into Soviet territory, starting the war on the Eastern Front. Hitler betrayed Stalin as we learn in Animal Farm, The very next morning the attack came (Orwell, Print. ) Russia suffered enormous casualties in World War II and similar events take place in the Battle of the Windmill. By the time Orwell was wrapping up Animal Farm, the war was not yet over, but the worst had passed for some. Animal Farm has its own miniature version of World War II in the Battle of the Windmill. Things happen fast as Frederick’s men progress, take a pasture and blow up the Windmill. Even Napoleon seemed at loss as the enemy rushed onto the field. A message arrives from Pilkington telling Napoleon, Serves you right (Orwell, Print. ) The fightin g in Animal Farm is extremely violent for it to be a fable story. Though the animals end up winning, they find that they are weary and bleeding (Orwell, Print. Almost immediately, Squealer begins â€Å"squealing† the war as a proud victory for Napoleon. Like so many that survived the war, Boxer no longer understands the word victory. When Squealer points out that they have won back the farm, all Boxer can say is, Then we have won back what we had before (Orwell, Print. ) No matter how good your advertising is, it’s hard to spin a war in which millions of lives are lost. Why fight for something you already have and lose lives, than to keep things the way they are and save lives? Even the loyal Boxer understands that. When Boxer has to leave the farm is very similar to the betrayal of the working class. Throughout Animal Farm, we’ve seen the pigs betray the principles of the Rebellion over and over again. Yet no betrayal is quite as noticeable as what happens a fter Boxer’s lung collapses. Squealer tells everyone that Boxer is going to be taken to a veterinary hospital for surgery. As the animals go to see Boxer leave, Benjamin the donkey appears and starts crying that they are all idiots. He reads the side of the van to them which says, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler (Orwell, Print. ) All of the animals shout to Boxer that he must kick his way out. He tries, but he is old and too weak. A few days later, Squealer comes back and explains the misunderstanding. He says the surgeon purchased the van from the horse slaughterer, but that he has not yet changed the name. Squealer claims that they did everything they could to save Boxer. Napoleon holds the horse a memorial service. Boxer, in many ways, is an example of the perfect worker. He never complain, is extremely loyal and he literally works himself to death. Yet his reward is that he is sold off, slaughtered, and turned into glue. Meanwhile, getting drunk off cartons of whiske y, the pigs are living lavish lifestyles in the farmhouse. Though the betrayal of Boxer is not a link to any specific episode in Russian history, it might be seen as a brief ‘allegory for Stalinism as a whole. As the van moves down the road with Boxer trapped inside, it resembles many victims of the Stalinist regime that were made to disappear or were sent to concentration camps. As the book comes to an end, there is one last similarity and it is between Napoleon’s last laugh and The Tehran Conference. The book ends with animals watching through a farmhouse window as the pigs hold a meeting between the neighboring humans to explain that there was some sort of misunderstanding. They want to make it clear to the humans that they never meant to incite rebellion; their entire goal has been to live at peace and in normal business relations (Orwell, Print, emphasis added. ) The pigs have hung the other animals out to dry and the Rebellion is dead. The meeting between th e pigs and the humans is an allusion to the Tehran Conference, which was intended to map out a strategy to end World War II. It was a meeting of the leaders of the Big Three allied powers, Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Joseph Stalin of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U. S. S. R. ). All of these men were against the power of Hitler. At the Tehran Conference, the Big Three argued out agreements on several matters of great significance to World War II and then the Cold War. What we often emphasize when we read the end of Animal Farm is that the pigs have become exactly like the humans. The final line goes, The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which (Orwell, Print. Though the animals cannot tell pig from man, as they observe them, the pigs and the men are caught in ferocious argument. The reason is that they’re both cheating one another. The end of Animal Farm might be taken as the allegorical beginning of the Cold War. At the time the West decided to play cards with the Soviet Union because they would do anything to beat the Germans. The alliance of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin was convenient, but as soon as the war ended it fell apart. This caused distrust, which lead to fifty years of stalemate, to fifty years of tension between Russia and the West. So much that schoolchildren in both countries were drilled on what to do if a nuclear bomb landed nearby. Orwell must have seen this coming from a mile away. Works Cited Carr, Edward Hallett. The Russian Revolution: from Lenin to Stalin, 1917-1929. London: Macmillan 1979. Print. Hamlin Jr. , William A. The Economics of Animal Farm. Southern Economic Journal (2000): 942-56. JSTOR. Web. 8 Apr. 2010. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Harcourt, Brace and, 1946. Print. Smyer, Richard I. Animal Farm: Pastoralism and Politics. Boston: Twayne, 1988. Print.

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Gender inequality sets social difference between male and female

Mark Twain Masculinity Essay - 2068 Words

19th century America was a time period in which the definition of masculinity grew through a man’s power and work. To be considered as â€Å"that man†, what was needed was power, wealth, and even the appearance of a man himself. It was often times violent in the battle for who was the â€Å"manlier man†, as it related to the real world of Twain’s 19th century. Masculinity was a way for these men to create dominance and get their way throughout duels and even bargaining. Twain’s view on 19th century America can be of comparison to Arthurian England with the comparison of a King and the lower man. Twain builds on the world that men have come to think that doing one bad thing, is even good for their wellbeing, and to hold that masculine image.†¦show more content†¦The diction is used rather than much simpler words to build onto the scene and write it to be more detailed. The idea of gender and masculinity created by Jehlen gives us an idea of how masculinity seen through the viewpoint of Twain. Although Jehlen’s idea focuses more on the idea of femininity, an interpretation that could be quite significant is that there is a â€Å"literary phenomena that have no intrinsic association with sex† (263), opposing to Twain’s idea of masculinity because through literary devices, the men and masculinity can be viewed through dogs, there is no exact claim or connotation that women can be interpreted in this way. Jehlen’s theory is a contrast to Twain’s passage about the dog-fight because through reading the dog-fight the personification that can be interpreted is upon the men, because of the different feminine characters throughout the novel. On the other hand, it does relate to the previous cited quotes because there are few characters who work against the different associations with sex, such as Clarence, who comes off a bit more feminine and smaller in masculinity characteristics. Gender is s een by Jehlen as more of their nature over nurture and how men and women â€Å"reflect(s) history and culture rather than nature† (264), connects to Twains specific passage about the dog-fight because ofShow MoreRelatedThe Idea Of Modernity In Paul Therouxs Being A Man1418 Words   |  6 PagesIn Paul Theroux essay â€Å"Being a Man† appearing in his book, â€Å"Sunrise with Sea monsters: Travels and Discoveries† he challenges the modern views of what â€Å"being a real man† means in today’s society. According to Theroux, the concept of manhood is to â€Å"be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient, soldierly, and stop thinking.† (p.1) Throughout the essay he expresses his strong dislike of these standards he believes are an insult to the whole idea of masculinity. Through personal stories and various examples, heRead MoreThe Philosophy of Transcendentalism Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagescreativity in all people. â€Å"Nothing is possible within o ur distinctively human world without creative insight and interpretation. His attention to what it means to make something new and his concern about the influence of the past, of books and monuments, mark him as an important figure in the production of a national literature† (Carr, 10). The Over-soul is the philosophy that the nature in which we reside creates our world in depth by means of our insight and interpretations. Emersons emphasis on nonconformityRead More The Forgotten Female in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay3143 Words   |  13 Pagesusually, of young men coming of age. There are few, if any, stories in the canon of women coming of age, however, and Hemingway is not the first to suffer the wrath of feminist critics. But is this wrath justified?    In his dissertation, Mark G. Newton reviews some of the critical literature that places Hemingway within the misogynist genre. Cliches [sic] abound, he says. Hemingway was in search of his manhood (an ignoble quest?); he hated women; he had a death wish and a thinRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesL. Jurkiewicz, Louisiana State University John Kammeyer-Mueller, University of Florida Edward Kass, Saint Joseph’s University Marsha Katz, Governors State College James Katzenstein, California State University John Keiser, SUNY College at Brockport Mark Kendrick, Methodist University Mary Kern, Baruch College Robert Key, University of Phoenix Sigrid Khorram, University of Texas at El Paso Hal Kingsley, Erie Community College Jeffrey Kobles, California State University San Marcos Jack Kondrasuk, University

What College Have Essay Topics - Is it a Scam?

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Understanding Different Kinds Of Violence â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understanding Different Kinds Of Violence? Answer: Introduction The report is on understanding the kinds of violence faced by the women in Australia by the male partners and its impact as well. Millions of female in Australia faced violence and it cannot be denied as the part of everyday life for thousands of females. The background study is the guide to the entire research and review on the domestic violence that is caused to the women in Australia. The main aim and purpose of the report is to analyze the policing approach of the Victoria police on the strategies taken to avoid and eliminate violence caused against the women. The changes that are required to be made by the Victoria police needs to be recommended as well. The proper identification of the stakeholders is essential as this will help in understanding the changes that are required to make the process effective and efficient. The structure of the report is to review and research about the policing approach towards the family violence. Proper critical analysis has to be done as to understand the changes that are required in the policy and current changes in the approach. Examining policing approach in Australia by Victoria police According to Wong and Mellor (2014), there is not a single case wherein domestic violence is caused, but there are several cases involved in domestic violence that affects the females of Australia. The victims are the pregnant as well as other married including unmarried females of Australia. Vaughan et al., (2015) helped in fitting regression model based on IVAWS data and it helped in understanding that the main factors of violence against the females are the habit of drinking along with aggression level and improper behavior control as well. On the other hand, Othman, Goddard and Piterman (2014), commented that alcohol is the significant and main reason for the violence on females in Australia. Bugeja et al., (2015) also commented that this kind of domestic violence generally occurs in the indigenous communities in Australia and it is increasing day by day. The specific policing approach that was reviewed by the Victoria police in Australia was to implement different charges under different sections as the present scenario was going beyond limit in Australian indigenous communities. When there is violence against the females in Australia, there was a civil action taken against the one who has committed the crime. Pain (2014) helped in longitudinal analysis of the alcohol wherein proper relationship was found among domestic violence and availability of alcohol. On the other hand, Chappell and Curtin (2013) commented that the packaged alcohol outlets in Australian indigenous communities who sold alcohol for consumption at off-premise were the ones who particularly implicated. The current approach was changed from the approach that was used before was due to the increase in the number in the crimes regarding physical violence for females in the indigenous communities and due to the illegal incidents that took place recently in such areas as well. According to the Bureau of Crime statistics, it was revealed that more than 40% of the different incidents wherein physical as well as mental torture has affected the lives of the females in the indigenous societies (Bugeja et al., 2013). The government officials of Australia are the stakeholders who have taken initiative on minimizing such violence from the different communities in Australia. According to (), the changes that was required to be made by the government are the introduction of legislations under different sections of criminal offence as physical violence. Costa et al., (2015), commented that a survey was conducted on understanding the situation that was experienced by the women in indigenous societies in Australia as to collect information about the experiences of the physical violence on different age groups of women as well. There are different pros and cons on implementation of policing approach by Victoria police. According to Chappell and Curtin (2013), in the indigenous societies and suburbs, there are individuals who are not aware of such rules and regulations that needs to be taken by them. There are different surveys that are conducted by the government officials in order to mitigate such issues from the indigenous societies in Australia, but there are individuals who do not support such cause, as there is still illiteracy in different areas and parts of Australia. On the other hand, there are advantages as well wherein females who are aware of such surveys or administrative systems those are conducted by the territory and state police as well. These helps in understanding the process of filing complaint against the injustice has been caused to me by their partners. The victims understand the policies and procedures as this will help provide them strength to fight against the injustice faced by them in their daily lives (Bugeja et al., 2015). The current policing approach is efficient, effective and appropriate for mitigating the injustice and violence caused to the females in indigenous societies in Australia. The surveys as well as other administrative activities are effective in nature as it helps in making the individuals specially the females aware about the various policies, helpline numbers in case of emergencies or injustice caused to them. A proper statistics is maintained by the state and territory police in Australia of the criminals or the offenders as to reduce such crimes in the future. The surveys need to be conducted more often by the police officials as to mitigate such risks and help the victims who suffer the most from such violence caused to them by their partners. The administrative department needs to implement strategies relating to mitigating the violence by providing the victims a helpline number that can be used by them in case of emergencies faced by them and informing the officials as well abou t it. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that proper interventions has to be adopted by the Victoria police in Australia as to reduce the domestic violence caused on women in indigenous societies. Proper and broad range of interventions has been applied by the officials of the state and territory police as to mitigate the domestic violence against females. Broad institutional services helped in focusing on the identification as well as prevention of violence against family as well as the females. References Bugeja, L., Butler, A., Buxton, E., Ehrat, H., Hayes, M., McIntyre, S. J., Walsh, C. (2013). The implementation of domestic violence death reviews in Australia.Homicide studies,17(4), 353-374. Bugeja, L., Dawson, M., McIntyre, S. J., Walsh, C. (2015). Domestic/family violence death reviews: An international comparison.Trauma, Violence, Abuse,16(2), 179-187. Chappell, L., Curtin, J. (2013). Does federalism matter? Evaluating state architecture and family and domestic violence policy in Australia and New Zealand.Publius: The Journal of Federalism,43(1), 24-43. Costa, B. M., Kaestle, C. E., Walker, A., Curtis, A., Day, A., Toumbourou, J. W., Miller, P. (2015). Longitudinal predictors of domestic violence perpetration and victimization: A systematic review.Aggression and violent behavior,24, 261-272. Othman, S., Goddard, C., Piterman, L. (2014). Victims barriers to discussing domestic violence in clinical consultations: A qualitative enquiry.Journal of interpersonal violence,29(8), 1497-1513. Pain, R. (2014). Everyday terrorism: Connecting domestic violence and global terrorism.Progress in Human Geography,38(4), 531-550. Vaughan, C., Murdolo, A., Murray, L., Davis, E., Chen, J., Block, K., ... Warr, D. (2015). ASPIRE: A multi-site community-based participatory research project to increase understanding of the dynamics of violence against immigrant and refugee women in Australia.BMC public health,15(1), 1283. Wong, J., Mellor, D. (2014). Intimate partner violence and womens health and wellbeing: Impacts, risk factors and responses.Contemporary nurse,46(2), 170-179.